- A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to describe something it does not literally denote. However, it seems not too much suitable in scientific discourse due to the focus of being stressed on more of statistical fact rather than the ornament.
i.
Metaphor was
ornamental, appropriate for poetry but too enigmatic for philosophical or
scientific discourse according to Aristotle.
ii.
Metaphor was a
ubiquitous feature of language and a principle device of linguistic change
stated Breal.
iii.
Richards used the term “vehicle” to apply it as the tenor-target and the meaning of the metaphor is the ground-source.
iv.
Black argued that metaphor is a communicative phenomenon operating not at
the level of mere word meaning, understood by perceiving the topic concept to
produce a ground that combines their alignable conceptual attributes and
thereby transcends their literal denotations.
Taken together, temporary metaphor
theorists criticized Black’s vague account of view, yet adapted his notion of
“interaction” as an alternative to “comparison” for description of the
cognitive processes underlying metaphor.
- Murphy formulated two version, the strong one believed that all concepts need the source to understand the target, and the topic has to piggyback on the understanding of the entity. Another word, target domain was understood before the source domain, which is untenable. On the other hand, the weak version stated that the abstract concepts are not piggybacked on concrete concepts. The weak version assumes that metaphor plays a causal role in the structure of abstract concepts.
- To conclude, MacGlone critically assessed the explanatory value of the conceptual metaphor construct and concluded the conceptual metaphor framework has not fared well as an account of conceptual structure or a model of figurative language understanding.
Question
1. Language influences our thoughts or vice versa?
Question
2. On page 113, the figure of Hypothesized
correspondences between attributes of the concepts “theory” and “building”.
Would it be possible an overlapping circles instead a two separate ones due to
semantic primitives? 
Points：
回覆刪除隱喻的意義會根據各國不同的語言習慣而有所不同，這就是其價值所在。隱喻是代表說話中更深層的一種語言形式，且會隨著時代而改變，因此大多是抽象義的概念。
Response：
1.Language influences our thoughts or vice versa?
答：我認為語言會影響我們的思想，例如中西方文化就有很大的差異，根據戴(p187)就提到中國人相較於美國人更喜歡內含矛盾的諺語。對華人來說，「吃虧就是占便宜」、「福禍相依」等，這些諺語可能對華人的生活環境有很密切的影響，他們特別重視互依的關係，更因為重視環境與個體，以及對變化的認知，促使華人較容易接受矛盾事物的事物。
2.On page 113, the figure of Hypothesized correspondences between attributes of the concepts “theory” and “building”. Would it be possible an overlapping circles instead a two separate ones due to semantic primitives?
答：我認為應該不會是重疊的圓圈，因為隱喻是一種引申的意義，它會先有個基本義，進而衍伸出許多意義。因此，不會是重疊的圓。